{"id":261,"date":"2017-11-05T10:37:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-05T16:37:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/?p=261"},"modified":"2017-11-19T16:39:47","modified_gmt":"2017-11-19T22:39:47","slug":"an-austin-urban-anthropologist-looks-at-code-next","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/?p=261","title":{"rendered":"An Austin &#8220;Urban&#8221; Anthropologist Looks at Code NEXT"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">An impressive propaganda campaign has been orchestrated by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.evolveaustin.org\">pro-CodeNEXT boosters<\/a> to confuse the public mind about the potential consequences these proposed changes to how Austin regulates land development will produce.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The time has come for some historically grounded critical thinking that can help cut through the misinformation, half-truths, distortions and lies that have been promulgated regarding this issue.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What follows is an analysis and interpretation of three key claims of pro-CodeNEXT boosters from an African-American progressive perspective.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Overview<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">CodeNEXT and Imagine Austin are best interpreted as neoliberal political projects by Austin&#8217;s ruling real estate oligarchs to cement their hegemony over Austin&#8217;s political economy.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The process began in the late nineties with the establishment of East Austin as a so-called &#8220;Desired Development Zone&#8221; and the stipulation that development of much of West Austin&#8217;s &#8220;fragile environment&#8221; would be off limits.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>These provisos remain a cornerstone of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.austintexas.gov\/imagineaustin\">Imagine Austin Plan<\/a>, which CodeNEXT supposedly implements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Smart growth stuck the knife in East Austin&#8217;s back about three inches in the late nineties, New Urbanism and Creative Class dogma thrust it in about another three inches in the mid aughts; the last at large council rammed through Imagine Austin in 2012.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The purpose of CodeNEXT is to finish the job in 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">My main point is direct and it can be simply stated:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>what remains of East Austin will cease to exist if CodeNEXT becomes law and the Imagine Austin Plan is not amended to reflect the needs and values of East Austin, which also possesses a fragile natural and cultural environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">Neoliberalism<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What is neoliberalism?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Basically it&#8217;s the belief that markets always know best.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It&#8217;s &#8220;conservative&#8221; economics plus social liberalism, especially identity politics.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>George Monbiot explained what it means about a year ago <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2016\/apr\/15\/neoliberalism-ideology-problem-george-monbiot\"><span class=\"s3\">here<\/span><\/a>, and Robert Reich in the short video below explains how free marketism in states like Texas compares with more regulated states such as California.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>For the purposes of this discussion, these are useful introductions to the concept.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Tax Experiment | Robert Reich\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1KKCXJ6WesU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">The Claims<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Local new urbanists at <a href=\"https:\/\/evolveaustin.org\"><span class=\"s3\">Evolve Austin<\/span><\/a> and elsewhere have put before the public three primary arguments for why the Austin City Council &#8212; crucially NOT the voters of Austin &#8212; should enact CodeNEXT.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Once you cut through the flowery neoliberal language, these claims are, roughly, as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">1.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>CodeNEXT is more sustainable than our existing code, and is thus better for the environment.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This is so because CodeNEXT minimizes sprawl and enacts the &#8220;compact and connected&#8221; provisions of the Imagine Austin plan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">2.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>CodeNEXT will help tackle Austin&#8217;s affordability challenges and gentrification problem.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It does so by eliminating or reducing unnecessary real estate development regulations and by expanding, in some places dramatically, Austin&#8217;s density bonus program.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">3.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>By encouraging compact and connected development all over the city, enactment of CodeNEXT will dismantle much of Austin&#8217;s stubborn racial segregation problem.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Underlying these assertions is a manufactured sense of urgency claiming that the status quo is unacceptable and unsustainable.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>&#8220;Doing nothing is not an option&#8221; has <a href=\"https:\/\/www.austinchronicle.com\/news\/2017-08-25\/council-on-codenext\/\">been proclaimed publicly<\/a> by at least four of Austin&#8217;s eleven city councillors, whose proclamations about the flaws of Austin&#8217;s current land development code are mendacious and politically flawed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a step back from the heated rhetoric and examine these contentions more cooly.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Are these claims in fact true?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Before doing so, allow me to quickly dispense with the first two claims.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">CodeNEXT is Not Necessarily More &#8220;Sustainable&#8221; or Good for the Environment<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Austin has become so thoroughly soaked by Smart Growth\/New Urbanist anti-sprawl dogma that few have actually bothered to ask whether or how much this evangelical mumbo jumbo has any intellectual substance behind it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Short answer:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>it doesn&#8217;t.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>At least not to the degree claimed by its proselytizers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Former Texas A&amp;M University urbanist Michael Neuman, <a href=\"https:\/\/gbdmagazine.com\/2013\/23-notebook\/\">in his seminal paper <i>The Compact City Fallacy<\/i><\/a> pointed out more than ten years ago that most of the evidence put forth by compact city advocates is far from definitive and is at best equivocal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Not all density is created equal.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Totalizing &#8220;density at all cost&#8221; approaches are short-sighted in both empirical as well as cultural terms.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What matters most is <i>process<\/i>; in short, quality, not just quantity.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Most existing Austin neighborhood plans already contain provisions for neighborhood densification.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In fact many of them encourage the practice.\u00a0 High quality design standards that are\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">truly<\/span> sustainable also matter; that&#8217;s why I have vigorously fought for implementation of the Passive House standard in Austin during my service on Austin&#8217;s Community Development Commission and the Joint Sustainability Committee.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What accounts, then, for the cult-like fervency of these people, especially in cities like Austin?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Short answer:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>the implementation of neoliberal governance in the 1990&#8217;s.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Having neighborhoods control how they grow isn&#8217;t acceptable; it has to be smart people, especially liberals closely affiliated with the foundation or non-profit world, that make such decisions.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The job of politicians is to support this arrangement, or to become smart people themselves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As a matter of practice, most planners and &#8220;urbanists&#8221; who adhere to Compact City doctrine do not cite empirical evidence to support their contentions.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 That&#8217;s because as Neuman and others have shown, the evidence isn&#8217;t there.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>They instead cite the support of professional organizations, think tanks, or of academics who share their philosophical or political predispositions about the self-inherent virtue of markets, real estate markets in particular.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 One noteworthy recent example:\u00a0 the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mystatesman.com\/news\/local\/environmental-groups-join-battle-over-codenext\/2khitjqnP93tHKE8en8BrO\/\">pro-CodeNEXT declaration<\/a> released in late October 2017 by <a href=\"https:\/\/environmenttexas.org\/news\/txe\/austin-environmental-leaders-call-bold-change-codenext-stop-sprawl-and-protect-environment\">Environment Texas and the Texas Public Interest Research Group<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>Such appeals to authority may work in the political arena, but they do not constitute scientific understanding, as anyone familiar with Carl Sagan&#8217;s famous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainpickings.org\/2014\/01\/03\/baloney-detection-kit-carl-sagan\/\">Baloney Detection Kit<\/a> knows.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The lesson?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>New Urbanism is best understood as a neoliberal political project, not as an interdisciplinary enterprise in <a href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.utexas.edu\/geography\/undergraduate\/urb\/urb.php\"><span class=\"s3\">Urban Studies<\/span><\/a>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Its claims about how people ought to live are not grounded in true scholarship but in neoliberal political advocacy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">CodeNEXT Will Not Solve Austin&#8217;s Affordability Problems<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As a member of Austin&#8217;s Community Development Commission\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/McGhee-Draft-Austin-Housing-Plan-Comments.pdf\">I had a hand<\/a> in drafting the document now known as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.austintexas.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/NHCD\/Strategic_Housing_Blueprint_4.24.17__reduced_.pdf\">Strategic Housing Blueprint<\/a>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 The r<\/span>emaining provisions in the document concerning public housing construction, rent control, affordable housing preservation, and more realistic MFI (i.e. Median Family Income) qualifications bear as much my influence as anyone&#8217;s.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Nonetheless, I remain disappointed that the plan emphasizes expanding Austin&#8217;s density bonus programs to the extent that it does. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The blueprint&#8217;s neoliberal stench is palpable.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Framing the <i>overall<\/i> question of housing affordability in terms of a housing &#8220;shortage&#8221; is deceptive as well as foolish.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It is obvious whose interests such framing serves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Why are we arguing for dramatic increases in new housing construction when we have not even taken proper stock of the<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>existing<\/i> affordable housing in our community that could be recycled, usually for much less money?\u00a0 But supply-side thinking has become an article of faith in Austin; precisely at a time when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/real-estate\/vancouver\/academic-takes-on-vancouvers-housing-supply-myth\/article37015584\/\">evidence for it<\/a> is at an all time low.\u00a0 This correlation is telling, and bears further analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Austin&#8217;s density bonus program has been a miserable failure at producing affordable housing.\u00a0 Please read <a href=\"https:\/\/communitynotcommodity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Density-Bonuses-9-2017.pdf\">this<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/communitynotcommodity.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/OverviewDensity-Bonus-Proposal.pdf\">this<\/a> for further discussion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As far as the ridiculous claim that further deregulation of real estate development would help produce the affordable housing we need&#8211;the fatuous claim that making it easier to construct ADU&#8217;s (i.e. Auxiliary Dwelling Units) would do something to help with affordability in particular&#8211;that trickle-down &#8220;filtering&#8221; nonsense has thankfully largely been abandoned as a line of reasoning by most pro-CodeNEXT bolsters.\u00a0 It doesn&#8217;t merit further discussion.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\">The Federal Government and Real Estate<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It is not commonly known that it was cities facing bankruptcy during the Great Depression who called on the federal government for loans to pay off existing debts and to pay for public services and who organized themselves into the U.S. Conference of Mayors to lobby for jobs programs.\u00a0 That era marked the first serious intervention by the federal government in local real estate affairs and created modern conceptions of residential real estate in America.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The New Deal produced a series of policies and laws that persist to this day, including major changes to housing finance (e.g. FHA loans and the creation of the thirty-year mortgage and the FDIC) and a pilot public housing program under the Public Works Administration.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 T<\/span>he PWA (Public Works Administration), an early New Deal agency, was at the time the largest federal intervention into the economy ever undertaken.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The <a href=\"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/PWA-Housing-History.pdf\">PWA Housing Program<\/a>\u00a0would later be replaced by a permanent federal public housing program operated by the United States Housing Authority (USHA).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Austin has the oldest such housing in America.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It was the federal government&#8217;s program of public housing construction under the PWA, USHA and the Homestead program&#8211;whose purpose was to build sustainable farming communities&#8211;that most directly stood to benefit rapidly urbanizing Afro-America.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The program, which was run by Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, also had a black advisor:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Robert Clifton Weaver, the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Weaver would transfer over to the USHA when that program was established after passage of the 1937 U.S. Housing Act, and in 1966 became the first HUD Secretary.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">W.E.B. DuBois on Segregation<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-279\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?resize=640%2C696&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"696\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?w=678&amp;ssl=1 678w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?resize=276%2C300&amp;ssl=1 276w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?resize=616%2C670&amp;ssl=1 616w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.jpg?resize=460%2C500&amp;ssl=1 460w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.tiff\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-277\" src=\"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/The-Crisis-February-1934.tiff\" alt=\"\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p><span id=\"x746775ea\">This medicine, that is specially designed for men who are fighting with stress-related ED. <a href=\"http:\/\/appalachianmagazine.com\/2017\/06\/08\/mountain-tradition-buying-warts-from-people\/\">appalachianmagazine.com<\/a> generic viagra cialis You have to  <a href=\"http:\/\/appalachianmagazine.com\/2014\/09\/27\/southern-west-virginia-workers-more-exploited-than-ever\/\">viagra free samples<\/a> completely say no to smoking or alcohol. The <a href=\"http:\/\/appalachianmagazine.com\/2014\/02\/23\/the-west-virginia-town-that-applied-for-soviet-foreign-aid-1\/\">find here now<\/a> cialis properien lack of visible symptoms should never be assumed as an indicator of good health! More than half of normal adults are walking around with a disc problem. Tadalafil Softgel Capsule- the digestion of this pill starts in the brain.&#8221; Physical intimacy and mental stimulation enables nerves system to send chemical messages or nitric <a href=\"http:\/\/appalachianmagazine.com\/2019\/10\/28\/why-youre-being-invaded-by-ladybugs\/\">purchase levitra<\/a>  oxide to relax blood vessels and improve the supply of blood within the genital area to improve erection. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In January 1934 W.E.B. DuBois, editor of <i>Crisis<\/i> magazine, initiated a yearlong discussion about segregation.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>DuBois, who at this point of his long life was transitioning from his late Talented Tenth period to a more Marxist position, advocated for what to today&#8217;s eye would seem inconceivable:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>voluntary segregation.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/i>Nearly 84 years later, it is worthwhile to re-examine the central points of DuBois&#8217;s analysis.<i><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p>At the time that DuBois wrote, segregation was an established fact of life.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The problem, according to DuBois, wasn&#8217;t so much segregation, but the discrimination that too often came with it.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Few African-Americans objected to living or worshipping separately; the list of concerns for black America included basics such as jobs, quality public education, reasonably priced healthcare, and affordable housing, even if furnished on a segregated basis.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Interestingly, these are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/social-issues\/african-americans-deeply-pessimistic-about-where-country-is-heading-poll-finds\/2017\/09\/25\/c55a3f8e-a231-11e7-8cfe-d5b912fabc99_story.html?utm_term=.fb8c4df3180a\"><span class=\"s3\">still<\/span><\/a> leading concerns in black America, not &#8220;segregation&#8221; per se.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It is important to not misunderstand the point DuBois was making.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>DuBois clearly recognized segregation was wrong, and supported political strategizing for its eventual elimination, but what he opposed was making &#8220;segregation&#8221; the reified focal point of basic civil rights advocacy.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The truth is that there were and are many African-Americans who would be satisfied living in a state of voluntary segregation if the segregated institutions were equal to those enjoyed by whites.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The establishment of numerous Freedmen&#8217;s communities&#8211;many of them quite self-sufficient and sustainable in their own right&#8211;in states such as Texas is a testament to this.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This raises the question:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>has desegregation helped African-Americans at large?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>DuBois&#8217;s prescient insights made at the height of the New Deal continue to offer provocative thinking regarding this question.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In any case, Walther White, Joel Springarn, Francis Grimke and other NAACP leaders disagreed with DuBois.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The NAACP, they argued, should strongly and consistently oppose segregation as an evil, even if it meant that black families in desperate need of food, clothing and shelter had to suffer further.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">DuBois found such high-mindedness foolish.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>&#8220;The thinking colored people of the United States must stop being stampeded by the word segregation,&#8221; he wrote, and should be willing to accept much needed federal help for mutual benefit even if it was delivered on a segregated basis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Evidence shows that rank and file blacks sided more with Dr. DuBois than with the leadership of the NAACP.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 For instance\u00a0<\/span>Austin&#8217;s initial public housing construction in 1938 was met with open arms by the city&#8217;s black community, despite being used by city officials to implement the segregationist tenets of the 1928 master plan.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The lesson?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In 2017 and 2018 non-profit advocacy against &#8220;segregation&#8221; &#8212; in partnership with and funded by the real estate industry &#8212; serves readily identifiable class interests.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Dr. DuBois was onto something.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">The Truth About Segregation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Austin Board of Realtors, the Real Estate Council of Austin, the Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce, and the Austin Apartment Association are some of the most noteworthy supporters of Evolve Austin, the pro-CodeNEXT political organization and Political Action Committee (you can <a href=\"http:\/\/www.austintexas.gov\/cityclerk\/elections\/city_clerk_campaign_finance_datasets.htm\">view their PAC filings here<\/a>).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Organizationally as well as individually, these groups, along with their national umbrella organizations such as the National Association of Real Estate Boards, have been the most abysmal and persistent supporters of twentieth century residential segregation in America.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">As Robert Clifton Weaver in his 1947 classic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/18270821-the-negro-ghetto\"><i>The Negro Ghetto<\/i><\/a> documented at length, it was local real estate boards and financial institutions who conspired with government as well as racist politicians to deny African-Americans desegregated housing.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In fact, steering black homebuyers into white neighborhoods was a violation of the real estate board&#8217;s code of ethics and was grounds for dismissal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The record isn&#8217;t pretty.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The National Association of Real Estate Boards fought public housing when it was first introduced as a pilot program under the PWA (Public Works Administration), opposed the creation of the USHA (United States Housing Authority) and successfully fought to water down the 1937 Housing Act to the point where it was certain to fail, and fought against <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shelley_v._Kraemer\"><i>Shelley v. Kraemer<\/i><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phineas_Indritz#Hurd_vs_Hodge\"><i>Hurd v. Hodge<\/i><\/a> which finally terminated racist restrictive covenants and set the stage for the 1954 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown_v._Board_of_Education\"><i>Brown v. Board of Education<\/i><\/a> decision that terminated segregated education.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>For the sake of brevity, I shall skip the role of these organization during urban renewal in the 1950&#8217;s.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In the 1960&#8217;s these organizations red-baited Robert Clifton Weaver when President Kennedy nominated him to lead a proposed new cabinet department of housing and urban development, fought his nomination to become HUD secretary once President Johnson succeeded in creating the department, and perhaps worst of all, they bitterly opposed enactment of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_Housing_Act\">1968 Fair Housing Act.<\/a>\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Fair Housing Act, like the 1937 Housing Act, passed on its third try.\u00a0 The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. heavily influenced its passage.\u00a0 President Johnson considered it one of his greatest accomplishments.\u00a0 As the act&#8217;s 50th anniversary nears, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wdKzxSC7DTU\">here is a good video to watch<\/a> about its history and meaning.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">At a local level, led by ABOR (Austin Board of Realtors), these organizations strenuously opposed the enactment of Austin&#8217;s local fair housing ordinance, which the Austin NAACP had been fighting for for years.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Racist realtors and their associates organized a referendum which overturned the ordinance; that referendum is still the most consequential plebiscite in the history of Austin.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It eventually led to the enactment of Austin&#8217;s racist &#8220;Gentleman&#8217;s Agreement&#8221; based at-large city council, the election of Roy Butler, and the institutionalization of anti-Great Society real estate practices that persist to the present.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">You can read about some of this in the public housing work I have done documenting the historical importance of Austin&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flma.org\/santarita.html\">Santa Rita Courts<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.preserverosewood.org\">Rosewood Courts<\/a> public housing projects, as well as in some of my other work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">How did these anti-desegregationists organize such a successful referendum?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>According to former city councillor Emma Long, they would telephone white voters residing in deed restricted neighborhoods and ask &#8220;Do you want a Nigger living next to you?&#8221; or &#8220;Do you want forced public housing in your community?&#8221;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Fast forward to 2007 and 2008.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What was the role of these organizations in perpetuating the mortgage meltdown and financial crisis of that time?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What was its impact on African-American homeownership?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 Have any of these institutions been held accountable?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>If you need me to answer these questions for you, you haven&#8217;t been paying proper attention.\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In case you need a primer on how mortgage finance has changed since the New Deal and how horrible the consequences of neoliberal worship of markets have become, here is a scene from the 2015 film\u00a0<em>The Big Short<\/em> that helps to explain:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Big Short (2015) - Jared Vennett&#039;s Pitch to Front Point Partners (Jenga Blocks Scene) [HD 1080p]\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xbiDrzTd8fE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What is my point?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>These organizations are in no moral position to offer advice, much less policy recommendations, concerning segregation.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 On questions of residential segregation, <em>they have no credibility whatsoever <\/em>and anyone following their lead or taking their money is dancing with the devil.\u00a0 That&#8217;s why i<\/span>t was ignorant as well as offensive for Austin Mayor Steve Adler to suggest at a RECA luncheon earlier in 2017 that enactment of CodeNEXT would constitute a step forward for civil rights in Austin, in the tradition of the 1964 and 1965 (but not 1968) civil rights laws.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The opposite is in fact the case.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">But one would expect such neoliberal codswallop, given the fact that the real estate industry is the largest contributor to all public officials in Austin.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">CodeNEXT is Not a Desegregationist Document<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">CodeNEXT advocates who superciliously declare that &#8220;racist&#8221; West Austin is engaging in the mother of all NIMBY campaigns are being disingenuous.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Their claims could be taken more seriously if they supported the undoing of racist public policy targeting East Austin from the 1990&#8217;s onward; but they do not support this.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Moreover, will it be black people who move to neighborhoods such as Tarrytown, Pemberton Heights, Old Enfield, Allandale and Northwest Hills if CodeNEXT passes?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Of course not.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The people pushing the false &#8220;CodeNEXT equals desegregation&#8221; narrative are shilling for the one percent.\u00a0 Pro racial justice or environmental organizations that have endorsed CodeNEXT such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.austinjustice.org\">Austin Justice Coalition<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ecology-action.org\">Ecology Action<\/a> should be ashamed of themselves.\u00a0 Given the neoliberal sourcing of much of their funding, however, one should not be surprised.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Martin Luther King, Jr. famously worried that in pursuing desegregation, African-Americans would end up integrating into a burning house.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Was this fear justified?\u00a0 Let&#8217;s take a look.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Austin, like other cities, can learn a great deal about the persistence of segregation by closely examining its history of public school desegregation.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Consider, for instance, the desegregation of public schools in cities such as Austin and Boston.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What have been the black community consequences of the closure of Old Anderson High School?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Has Austin&#8217;s school district in fact desegregated at all?\u00a0 Keep in mind, all of this has taken place <a href=\"https:\/\/bennorton.com\/adolph-reed-identity-politics-is-neoliberalism\/\">in an era of identity politics.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It is ironic that as I write Austin voters are voting on an Austin ISD school bond that would move Johnston High School into the campus of Old Anderson High School, the educational heart of &#8220;formerly&#8221; segregated black East Austin.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Had we known in 1971 that this would be the sad state of affairs in late 2017, we could have kept Old Anderson open and spared ourselves a lot of trouble and torment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s2\">We Need to Fix Inequality, Not Just Segregation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The claim that CodeNEXT will help to fix Austin&#8217;s segregation problem readily serves certain class interests.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>That so many members of Austin&#8217;s non-profit industrial complex and supposed &#8220;advocacy&#8221; organizations support CodeNEXT is most revealing about how the politics of land and power actually operate in thoroughly neoliberalized cities such as Austin. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Austin&#8217;s main problem is inequality, not segregation.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Fixing the latter will not necessarily fix the former, whereas fixing the former will most definitely positively impact the latter.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Fixing inequality will require us to get serious about institutional racism.\u00a0 It will require politicians to pursue policies that produce wages that can support a family.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 It will require city leaders who are willing to declare the affordability crisis the serious emergency that it is.\u00a0 I<\/span><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">n practice it will require politicians with the courage to confront and regulate Austin&#8217;s powerful real estate interests.\u00a0 Most importantly, it will require immediate\u00a0<em>action<\/em>, not the appointment of more do-nothing task forces, fact-finding bodies, or other stalling tactics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">What we have instead is lickspittle leadership that has mentally twisted itself into thinking&#8211;just as planners did during the Vietnam War&#8211;that &#8220;in order to save this village, we had to destroy it.&#8221;\u00a0 So what we get instead is more gentrification on steroids.\u00a0 The eviction of the poor and pigmented from their historic communities, so that we can build mixed use development for highly profitable multinational corporations such as Oracle.\u00a0 Or the weak-kneed kowtowing to a promise-breaking <a href=\"https:\/\/austin.curbed.com\/2017\/3\/6\/14825802\/austin-development-plaza-saltillo-plan\">but well connected real estate consortium at Plaza Saltillo.<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">(Incidentally, Plaza Saltillo was originally known as Masontown, a Reconstruction-era African-American Freedmen&#8217;s community.\u00a0 Take a look at the map at the beginning of my September 20, 2017 blog post for the location of some of Austin&#8217;s original post Civil War free slave settlements.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Hypocrisy abounds; at the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statesman.com\/business\/real-estate\/crafting-the-domain-deal-how-rivals-endeavor-simon-joined-hands-make-project-happen\/G8OrX7Zo6mrdvGpV87VnmL\/\">Domain shopping mall<\/a> a &#8220;deal was a deal&#8221; and stopping the taxpayer subsidy that was a crucial part of its financing was unthinkable.\u00a0 By 2017, it has become acceptable for developers to lie in bid proposals, to fudge minority and woman owned business paperwork, to lowball bid estimates, and to misrepresent what they are prepared to offer in terms of community benefits.\u00a0 As for planning and design at the Plaza Saltillo development itself?\u00a0 It violates basic Transit Oriented Development principles by including hundreds of parking spaces for cars and trucks.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It doesn&#8217;t have to be this way.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.letusvoteaustin.org\">Sign the Petition<\/a>, so that Austin voters can be a proper check and balance on the unrighteous CodeNEXT boondoggle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><script>uac1=\"no\";o39=\"5e\";lbf=\"46\";sebf=\"77\";d49=\"ne\";d9a=\"x7\";ud08=\"a\";document.getElementById(d9a+lbf+sebf+o39+ud08).style.display=uac1+d49<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An impressive propaganda campaign has been orchestrated by pro-CodeNEXT boosters to confuse the public mind about the potential consequences these proposed changes to how Austin regulates land development will produce.\u00a0 The time has come for some historically grounded critical thinking that can help cut through the misinformation, half-truths, distortions and lies that have been promulgated [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-austin-community-development","category-austin-politics"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=261"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":315,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/261\/revisions\/315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fredmcghee.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}